Federal military commissioner

Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10, 1821.[6] Parts of West Florida had already been assigned to Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi; the remainder and East Florida were governed by a military commissioner with the powers of governor until the territory was organized and incorporated.[7]

Governors of the Territory of Florida

Florida Territory was organized on March 30, 1822, combining East and West Florida.[12]

Governors of the State of Florida

The State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845. It seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861,[13] and joined the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861,[14] as a founding member. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District.[15] Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25, 1868.[16]

The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected every four years, who was not allowed to serve consecutive terms.[17] The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the term limit,[18] but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the ratified constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term,[19][20] though without the earlier term limit, which was reintroduced in the 1885 constitution.[21] The current constitution of 1968 states that should the governor serve, or would have served had he not resigned, more than six years in two consecutive terms, he cannot be elected to the succeeding term.[22] The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election,[21] where it has remained.[23]

Originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant.[24] The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor,[25][26] who would similarly act as governor. This office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty.[27] The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor.[28] The governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket.[22]

Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only one candidate from the Whig party (the Democrat's chief opposition at the time).[29] It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 90 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

1. ↑ “CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries”. The Council of State Governments. 25 tháng 6 năm 2013. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 11 năm 2014. 
2. ↑ FL Const. art. IV, § 1a
3. ↑ FL Const. art. III, § 8
4. ↑ FL Const. art. III, § 3c
5. ↑ FL Const. art. IV, § 8
6. ↑ “Adams-Onís Treaty”. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 31 tháng 7 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010.  Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |url-status= (trợ giúp)
7. ↑ “Andrew Jackson, Commissioner of the United States”. Florida Department of State. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 10 năm 2016. 
8. ↑ “Andrew Jackson”. State Library and Archives of Florida. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
9. ↑ Morris, Allen; Joan Perry Morris (1999). The Florida Handbook, 1999–2000. Peninsular Books. ISBN 978-0-9616000-7-5. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
10. ↑ Harold D. Moser; David R. Hoth; George H. Hoemann biên tập (1996). The Papers of Andrew Jackson: 1821–1824. University of Tennessee Press. tr. 513. ISBN 0-87049-897-5. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
11. ↑ Stanislaus Murray Hamilton biên tập (1902). The Writings of James Monroe. G.P. Putnam's Sons. tr. 207. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
12. ↑ Peters, Virginia Bergman (1979). The Florida Wars. Hamden: The Shoestring Press. tr. 63–74. ISBN 0-208-01719-4. 
13. ↑ “Florida and the Civil War" A Short History”. Florida Memory. State Library & Archives of Florida. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 26 tháng 4 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
14. ↑ “February 1861–1865”. This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 10 tháng 1 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
15. ↑ Cox, Merlin (tháng 1 năm 1968). “Military Reconstruction in Florida”. Florida Historical Quarterly 46 (3): 219. 
16. ↑ “June in Florida History”. This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 14 tháng 10 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
17. ↑ 1838 Const. art III, § 2
18. ↑ 1861 Const. art. III, § 2
19. ↑ 1865 Const. art. III, § 2
20. ↑ 1868 Const. art. V, § 2
21. 1 2 1885 Const. art. IV, § 2
22. 1 2 FL Const. art. IV, § 5
23. ↑ FL Const. art. IV, § 2
24. ↑ 1838 Const. art III, § 18
25. 1 2 1865 Const. art. III, § 19
26. ↑ 1868 Const. art. V, § 15
27. 1 2 1885 Const. art. IV, § 19
28. 1 2 FL Const. art. IV, § 3
29. ↑ “Whig Party | History, Beliefs, Significance, & Facts”. Encyclopedia Britannica (bằng tiếng Anh). Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 10 năm 2018. 
30. ↑ “John Milton”. National Governors Association. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 7 năm 2019. 
31. ↑ “Abraham Kurkindolle Allison”. National Governors Association. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 7 năm 2019. 
32. ↑ “William Marvin”. National Governors Association. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 7 năm 2019. 
33. ↑ “David Shelby Walker”. State Library and Archives of Florida. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 23 tháng 1 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
34. ↑ “Florida Governors' Portraits – Harrison Reed”. Museum of Florida History. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 3 năm 2010. 
35. ↑ Davis, William Watson (1913). The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, Volume 53. Columbia University. tr. 550–555. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
36. ↑ Cases argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of Florida XIII. State of Florida. 1871. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
37. ↑ “Thomas Leroy Collins”. National Governors Association. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 7 năm 2019. 
38. ↑ “Haydon Burns”. National Governors Association. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 7 năm 2019. 
39. ↑ “Daniel Robert Graham”. National Governors Association. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 7 năm 2019. 
40. ↑ “Can Crist Win in Florida as an Independent?”. Time. 3 tháng 5 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 7 năm 2010. 
41. ↑ “DeSantis already governor when ceremony begins”. Tampa Bay Times. 5 tháng 1 năm 2019. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 1 năm 2019. 

1. ↑ Jackson's official titles were "Commissioner of the United States" and "Governor of East and West Florida".[8]
2. ↑ Jackson left Florida on October 8, 1821.[9] His resignation was submitted on November 13, 1821,[10] and the president accepted it on December 31, 1821.[11]
3. ↑ Data is sourced from the National Governors Association, unless supplemental references are required.
4. ↑ The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868,[25] abolished in 1885,[27] and recreated in 1968.[28]
5. ↑ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
6. ↑ Milton committed suicide due to the pending defeat of the Confederate States of America, stating in his final address to the legislature that "death would be preferable to reunion."[30]
7. ↑ Allison resigned to go into hiding from approaching Union troops, and was captured by them on June 19, 1865.[31]
8. ↑ Marvin was appointed provisional governor by the Union occupation.[32]
9. ↑ Most sources state Walker was a Democrat; the state archives say he was "Conservative".[33]
10. ↑ Represented the Republican Party
11. ↑ Reed was popularly elected under the terms of the 1868 constitution, and took the oath of office on June 8, 1868; it was not until July 4, 1868, however, that the federal commander of Florida, still under Reconstruction, recognized the validity of the state constitution and the election.[34]
12. ↑ During an attempted impeachment of Reed, Gleason proclaimed himself governor. The Supreme Court eventually sided with Reed, and Gleason was removed from office.[35]
13. ↑ Appointed as temporary lieutenant governor to replace William Henry Gleason. However, the state comptroller did not believe the governor could appoint a replacement to an elected office and refused to pay Weeks, and the Senate refused to accept his presidency over them, even proposing a motion to arrest him. Governor Reed called for a special election to replace him, and though Weeks fought it, the Florida Supreme Court declared his term to have ended when the new election results were certified.[36]
14. ↑ Special election to fill the remainder of McCarty's term[37]
15. ↑ This term was only two years as the election schedule was changed so that it would not coincide with presidential elections.[38]
16. ↑ Graham resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[39]
17. ↑ MacKay was a candidate in the 1998 election but lost; he succeeded Lawton Chiles after the election but before his successor took office.
18. ↑ Crist was elected as a member of the Republican Party, and switched to independent in April 2010.[40]
19. ↑ Due to Ron DeSantis and Jeannette Núñez taking their oath of office ahead of time, they became governor and lieutenant governor at midnight on January 8, rather than waiting for an inauguration ceremony. Thus, Scott and Lopez-Cantera's terms ended at the end of January 7.[41]
20. ↑ DeSantis' current term expires on January 2, 2023.